Vitamin K

Vitamin K

          Vitamin K deficiency leads to delayed coagulation and bleeding. In obstructive jaundice, dietary vitamin K is not absorbed

Vitamin E

Vitamin E:

          Human deficiency is rare and has only been described in premature infants and in  malabsorption. It can cause a mild haemolytic anaemia, ataxia and visual scotomas. Vitamin E intakes are considered safe up to 3200 mg/day

Vitamin D

Vitamin D:

¢ The most common cause is lack of sunlight exposure since maintenance of normal levels of vitamin D depends on UV sunlight exp

Vitamin A

Vitamin A

   Deficiency:

        Globally, the most important consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness. Each year, approximately 500 000 new cases of blindness occur in young childre

Hypernatremia

Hypernatremia:

–      Produced by either administration of hypertonic fluids or much more frequently, loss of thirst mechanism or failure of ADH mechanisms

–      Water moves from ICF → ECF

                                            &Cells dehydrate Because of extremely efficient

•        regulatory

Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia:

•        Defined as sodium concentration < 135 mEq/L

•        Generally considered a disorder of water as opposed to disorder of salt

•        Results from increased water retention

•        Normal physiologic measures allow a person to excrete up to 10 liters of water per day which