Other inhibitors of cell wall

:

1- Vancomycin: 

 - It is a glycopeptide

 - Is active only against gram positive bacteria.

Other Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

:

1- Carbapenems:

Structurally related to beta-Lactum antibiotics. 

     A- Imipenem.

     B- Meropenem.

Imipenem has wide spectrum of activity.

    - Gram positive

    - Gram negative, and Anaerobes.

Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins

Similar to Penicillins:

- Chemically.

- Mechanism of action.

- Toxicity.

Penicillins

Penicillins

·        Alexander Fleming reported his discovery of penicillin 1929.

·        Limited production in 1940.

·        Unlimited production 1950.

Bacterial Cell wall Active agents:

1-    Cycloserine.

2-    Bacitracin.

Macrolides

Macrolides

1-Erythromycin

2-Clarithromycin

3-Azithromycin

4-Telithromycin

5-Roxithromycin

Azoles , Imidazoles , Triazoles

Azoles

·        A group of synthetic fungistatic agents with a broad spectrum of activity.

·        They have antibacterial, antiprotozoal anthelminthic & antifungal activity.

Nystatin

Nystatin

·        It is a polyene macrolide, similar in structure & mechanism to amphotericin B.

·        Too toxic for systemic use.

·        Used only topically.

Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B

·        Amphotericin A & B are antifungal antibiotics.

·        Amphotericin A is not used clinically.

·        It is a natural polyene macrolide

Antifungal Drugs

Antifungal Drugs

Fungal infections occur due to:

1-    Abuse of broad spectrum antibiotics

2-    Decrease in the patient immunity

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics sharing chemical, antimicrobial, pharmacologic and toxic characteristics. (Poorly absorbed from GIT, poor penetration to CSF and eye, highly active against G-ve bacilli, and inactive against anaerobics,

Clindamycin and lincomycin

Clindamycin and lincomycin

Clindamycin is a chlorine-substituted derivative of lincomycin. Clindamycin has a spectrum similar to that of lincomycin, but it is more active and is well absorbed after oral intake. Therefore clindamycin is preferable.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines 

First Generation :( 1948 to 1963):

·        Chlortetracycline

·        Oxytetracycline

·        Tetracycline

·        Demeclocycline

·        Rolitetracycline